Introduction
Malignant melanoma, often just called melanoma, is a form of skin cancer emerging from melanocytes, the cells behind melanin production - the pigment giving colour to our skin, hair, and eyes. Though melanoma comprises only a small fraction of skin cancer cases, it's notably responsible for most skin cancer-related deaths. This guide delves deeper, shedding light on melanoma's risk factors, symptoms, preventative measures, treatment avenues, and offering valuable UK-specific resources.
Patient Example: Jane, a 35-year-old teacher from London, first noticed a suspicious-looking mole on her arm during a summer holiday. It was new and unlike the other moles she had. Having read about melanoma, she decided to consult her GP, who promptly referred her to a local dermatologist. The early intervention helped her address the issue promptly.
Risk Factors
Sun Exposure: Excessive UV radiation, whether from the sun or tanning beds, heightens melanoma risk. For instance, a childhood memory of painful sunburns can significantly influence adult risk levels.
Skin Type: Fair-skinned individuals tend to be more vulnerable, but melanoma doesn't discriminate; it can affect all skin types.
Family History: If relatives have had melanoma, your risk might be higher, pointing to genetic factors.
Moles: An abundance of moles or unusual ones can heighten risk. Regularly observe moles for any alterations.
Weakened Immune System: Those with conditions like HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients face greater risk.
Signs and Symptoms
Catching melanoma early is pivotal. Be proactive in spotting skin changes and consult with professionals upon noticing:
New Moles: Like Jane's case, new moles appearing post-30 should be scrutinised.
Changes in Existing Moles: Alterations in mole size, color, or form warrant attention.
Asymmetry & Irregular Borders: Unlike regular moles, melanoma lesions might be asymmetric or possess uneven edges.
Uneven Colour: Multicoloured moles with shades ranging from brown to blue or red can be concerning.
Diameter: Many melanomas exceed the size of a pencil eraser (6mm), but some can be smaller.
Evolving Moles: Dynamic moles that change over periods should be promptly inspected.
Prevention
Mitigate melanoma risk with UV protection and consistent skin health checks:
Use Sunscreen: Opt for broad-spectrum sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 30 during outdoor activities. Remember to reapply.
Protective Clothing: Outfits with long sleeves, broad hats, and sunglasses offer invaluable sun protection.
Seek Shade: Especially between 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., the sun's rays are most intense.
Avoid Tanning Beds: Their harmful UV output is a known melanoma catalyst.
Regular Skin Exams: Complement self-assessments with routine dermatologist appointments.
Treatment Options
Therapeutic choices hinge on melanoma's stage and spread:
Surgery: Early-stage melanomas typically necessitate surgical extraction.
Lymph Node Biopsy: Biopsies of adjacent lymph nodes can ascertain cancer spread.
Immunotherapy: Bolstering the immune response can help in attacking cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy: Specific inhibitors can halt melanoma growth pathways.
Radiation Therapy: Directed high-energy radiation can exterminate cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Advanced melanomas might necessitate chemotherapy.
UK Resources:
Conclusion
Malignant melanoma is formidable, but knowledge can be your best defence. Familiarising yourself with its risk factors, early signs, and preventive measures ensures a proactive stance against it. Emphasise routine dermatological evaluations, and should there be any skin-related apprehensions, seek medical guidance immediately. As exemplified by Jane, early intervention can make a monumental difference. Remember, prompt detection has the potential to be life-saving.
Make sure you are seen by your GP if you have a suspicious mole. Alternatively you may wish to have a consultation with mySkinDoc quickly and easily.
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Dr Amit Goyal
CEO and Founder of mySkinDoc