As a dermatologist, one of the most common questions I receive is whether sun-beds are a safe way to achieve a tan, especially as the sun wanes in the UK autumn and winter months. Many people turn to sun-beds to maintain a bronzed look, hoping it will boost their mood and self-confidence. However, the reality of sunbed use carries serious health risks. In this blog, I’ll delve into what sun-beds do to the skin, the myths surrounding their safety, and the substantial risks they pose.
What Are Sunbeds, and How Do They Work?
Sunbeds, also known as tanning beds, emit artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiation to darken the skin. They produce UVA and sometimes UVB radiation, which are the same types of rays emitted by the sun. However, the UV intensity in sunbeds can be significantly stronger than natural sunlight, making them a potent source of skin damage.
UVA rays penetrate deep into the skin, causing premature ageing and increasing the risk of skin cancer, while UVB rays affect the skin’s outer layers and are primarily responsible for sunburn. Many sunbeds emit over 95% UVA rays, which may not cause immediate redness or burns but are highly detrimental in the long run.
The Myths vs. Reality of Sunbed Use
There are several myths surrounding sunbeds that lead people to believe they’re safer than natural sun exposure, or even beneficial. Let's debunk some of the most common ones.
Myth 1: "Sunbeds are a Safe Way to Get a Base Tan."
Many people think that a ‘base tan’ from a sunbed will protect them from sunburn and skin damage. However, there’s no evidence to support this. A tan itself is a sign of skin damage. Whether achieved naturally or artificially, tanning indicates the skin has been exposed to harmful UV radiation, which breaks down DNA in skin cells. This "protective" tan offers minimal protection from future sun damage and increases the risk of skin cancer.
Myth 2: "Sunbeds Provide Vitamin D."
UVB rays stimulate vitamin D production, leading some to believe that sunbeds can help meet vitamin D needs. However, the risks far outweigh any potential benefits. UV radiation from sunbeds is mostly UVA, which does not effectively stimulate vitamin D synthesis. In the UK, it’s far safer to get vitamin D through diet, supplements, or limited, safe sun exposure.
Myth 3: "Sunbeds Are Regulated and Therefore Safe."
While tanning salons in the UK are subject to regulations, including limiting the UV output of sunbeds, these regulations don’t eliminate the risks associated with UV exposure. Even low UV exposure over time can accumulate and cause damage to skin cells, leading to premature ageing and increased cancer risk.
The Risks of Sunbed Use
Sunbeds are far from harmless. Here are the major risks associated with their use:
1. Increased Skin Cancer Risk
The most concerning risk of sunbed use is its strong link to skin cancer. According to Cancer Research UK, using a sunbed before the age of 35 increases the risk of melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer, by up to 60%. This risk accumulates with each use, meaning even occasional sunbed sessions can contribute significantly to one’s lifetime risk of skin cancer.
Melanoma is known to spread quickly and can be fatal if not caught early. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), while less aggressive, are also linked to UV exposure and can cause serious damage to the skin and underlying tissues. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified UV-emitting tanning devices as "carcinogenic to humans," the same category as cigarettes.
2. Premature Skin Ageing
Exposure to UVA rays from sunbeds accelerates the breakdown of collagen and elastin in the skin, which are essential for maintaining a firm, youthful appearance. Regular sunbed users often develop deep wrinkles, leathery texture, and hyperpigmentation earlier than those who avoid UV exposure. This process is called "photoaging" and can make the skin look much older than it is. Once the damage has set in, reversing it can be difficult and costly, requiring treatments such as laser therapy, chemical peels, and even surgery.
3. Eye Damage
UV radiation from sunbeds can damage the eyes, even if you keep your eyes closed or wear goggles. Conditions such as photokeratitis (a painful inflammation of the cornea), cataracts, and macular degeneration have been associated with UV exposure. Without proper eye protection, sunbeds can also lead to "arc eye," a painful condition similar to sunburn of the cornea.
4. Suppressed Immune System
UV radiation can weaken the immune system, reducing the skin's ability to protect against infections. Research shows that people who use sunbeds may experience a reduction in immune responses, making it easier for infections and skin problems to develop.
5. Skin Burns and Sensitivity
Many people believe that sunbeds don't burn the skin, but this is far from the truth. Sunbeds can cause serious burns if used incorrectly, and they can also make the skin more sensitive to sunlight, increasing the likelihood of burns when exposed to natural sunlight.
Alternatives to Sunbeds
If you’re looking for a safe tan, several alternatives offer the desired results without the health risks associated with UV exposure.
1. Self-Tanning Products
Self-tanning lotions, sprays, and foams have advanced significantly, providing a natural-looking tan without streaks. They work by using dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a safe, FDA-approved ingredient that temporarily colours the skin's outer layer.
2. Spray Tans
Many professional salons offer spray tans, which provide even, professional-looking results in minutes. While they don’t last as long as sunbed tans, they are entirely UV-free and don’t pose the same risks.
3. Gradual Tanning Moisturisers
Gradual tanning lotions combine moisturising benefits with a mild tanning agent, allowing you to build up colour over a few days. They are an excellent option for achieving a natural glow without damaging your skin.
Dermatologists’ Advice: Embrace Your Natural Skin Tone
Tanning trends have fluctuated over the years, but as dermatologists, our message remains consistent: it’s essential to embrace and protect your natural skin tone. No matter your skin tone, taking care of your skin and prioritising its health is the best way to achieve a radiant look. Sunbeds offer a temporary tan at the expense of long-term skin health, and no tan is worth the risks associated with sunbed use.
Simple Tips for a Healthy Glow Without UV Exposure
- Exfoliate and Moisturise regularly to keep your skin smooth and vibrant.
- Use an SPF moisturiser daily, even in winter, to protect against incidental UV exposure.
- Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet, rich in antioxidants and vitamins, which can enhance your skin’s natural glow.
Despite the allure of a bronzed appearance, sunbeds are not a safe option for achieving a tan. They expose users to concentrated levels of UV radiation, leading to accelerated ageing, a significantly increased risk of skin cancer, and other health issues. Safer alternatives, such as self-tanning products and spray tans, offer a way to achieve the look without sacrificing skin health. As dermatologists, we encourage everyone to consider the long-term impact of sunbed use and make choices that prioritise their skin’s health and well-being.
Opt for a healthy glow that doesn’t compromise your skin’s future. Embrace and protect your natural beauty, knowing that true radiance comes from well-cared-for skin.